1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more harmful than infrared radiation because while infrared is simply heat energy, ultraviolet is a more energetic form of sun radiation. Ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburns and skin cancer, harming many organisms with its ability to break covalent bonds.
2. Two essential roles played by visible solar radiation are that it energizes electrons in some chemical bonds. This supplies energy needed for photosynthesis reactions and the scattering of light in a sunset.
3. Since there is less water vapor, there is less greenhouse gas
caused by water vapor in dry and arid regions. Infrared radiation is not as
stored and reradiated and reflected back into the atmosphere from the entering
of UV and visible light that is transformed into IR radiation in clouds, but
the visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the earth is
used to heat earth.
4.
- a. The daytime temperatures would be cooler, because with less greenhouse gases such as CO2 and H2O, less infrared radiation would be stored and reradiated and reflected back into the atmosphere from the transformation of UV and visible radiation to IR radiation in clouds Less stored heat energy would enter throughout the day.
- b. Without stored heat energy in the atmosphere, nights would be very cold without the presence of the sun.
1. The mass of carbon dioxide produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses is 1 kg.
2. 0.40 L of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School.
3. In a 180-day school year, 180 kg of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses while idling. 72 L of fuel would be consumed.
4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by about 30% since 1800 due to clearing forests, combustion of cuttings and scrap timber, and the burning of fossil fuels.
5. No, because enough fossil fuel gas is produced naturally on its own.
6. The school bus-idling policy may seem necessary to some people in order to preserve the atmosphere and prevent pollution.
1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that contains carbon.
3. Petroleum is a valuable resource because a small amount contains a large amount of energy. It also creates plastics and polymers.
15.
16. Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation because fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil. Instead, it produces many different mixtures called fractions. Fractional distillation is a continuous process that consists of a distillation column and various temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation only involves a apparatus and separates a solution using evaporation and condensation.
17. Products derived from light include motor gasoline and refined oil. Products derived from intermediate include gas oil and heavy furnace oil. Products derived from heavy include lubricating oil/grease and heavy oils/wax.
18. The highest boiling point in a distillation column would most likely be removed at the bottom because the thick liquids never vaporize.
19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of 2 or more valence electrons between 2 atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.
5. No, because enough fossil fuel gas is produced naturally on its own.
6. The school bus-idling policy may seem necessary to some people in order to preserve the atmosphere and prevent pollution.
1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that contains carbon.
3. Petroleum is a valuable resource because a small amount contains a large amount of energy. It also creates plastics and polymers.
5. Oil is crude because it is pumped from underground and cannot be
used in its natural state without some degree of refinement where it is
separated into simpler mixtures through distillation.
6.
- a. 0.11 x 20,000,000= 2,200,000 barrels
- b. 0.89 x 20,000,000= 17,800,000 barrels
7. Heating and cooking fuel, petrochemicals, kerosene, refined
oils, gas oil, heavy furnace oil, diesel fuel oil, lubricating oil and grease.
8.
- a. Water bottle, sports equipment, clothing, and artificial limbs.
- b. A water bottle can be made out of aluminum, bamboo can be used to make light, flexible, and durable sports equipment, clothing can be made of cotton, and artificial limbs can be made of iron.
10.
- a. The Middle East has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population.
- b. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania have the least petroleum reserves relative to its population.
11.
- a. North America, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe consume a greater proportion of the world’s supply of petroleum than they possess.
- b. The Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America consume a smaller proportion of the world’s supply of petroleum than they possess.
12. Density can be used to separate two different liquids if the
substances are insoluble.
13. Water and acetone would be the easiest to separate from each other
by distillation because water has the highest boiling point, and acetone has
the lowest of the four substances, water and acetone would separate fairly
quickly and easily by distillation.
15.
16. Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation because fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil. Instead, it produces many different mixtures called fractions. Fractional distillation is a continuous process that consists of a distillation column and various temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation only involves a apparatus and separates a solution using evaporation and condensation.
17. Products derived from light include motor gasoline and refined oil. Products derived from intermediate include gas oil and heavy furnace oil. Products derived from heavy include lubricating oil/grease and heavy oils/wax.
18. The highest boiling point in a distillation column would most likely be removed at the bottom because the thick liquids never vaporize.
19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of 2 or more valence electrons between 2 atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.
22. Atoms with filled electrons (8 valence electrons) are
particularly stable, and therefore, tend to be chemically uncreative. Noble
gases are atoms with filled outer electron shells.
23. Since the
two dogs desire the sock, they must share it, although they desire to have it
for themselves; like repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other,
but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock connecting them.
26.
- a. A structural formula shows the makeup of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is, where as a molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses.
- b. The structure of a formula shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula.
27. See drawings.
28.The
electron-dot representation of a carbon atom only shows four dots because the
four dots represent the valence electrons, located on the outer (and not inner)
shell of the atom, where two electrons are located.
29.
- a. C9H20
- b. C16H34
- c. C10H22
- d. C18H38
30.
- a. 128g
- b. 226g
- c. 142g
- d. 254g
No comments:
Post a Comment